Air Pressure and How It Affects the Weather

Air Pressure and How It Affects the Weather An important characteristic of the Earths atmosphere is its air  pressure, which determines wind and weather patterns across the globe. Gravity exerts a pull on the planets atmosphere just as it keeps us tethered to its surface. This gravitational force causes the atmosphere to push against everything it surrounds, the pressure rising and falling as Earth turns. What Is Air Pressure? By definition, atmospheric or air pressure is the force per unit of area exerted on the Earth’s surface by the weight of the air above the surface. The force exerted by an air mass is created by the molecules that make it up and their size, motion, and number present in the air. These factors are important because they determine the temperature and density of the air and thus its pressure. The number of air molecules above a surface determines air pressure. As the number of molecules increases, they exert more pressure on a surface and the total atmospheric pressure increases. By contrast, if the number of molecules decreases, so too does the air pressure. How Do You Measure It? Air pressure is measured with mercury or aneroid barometer. Mercury barometers measure the height of a mercury column in a vertical glass tube. As air pressure changes, the height of the mercury column does as well, much like a thermometer. Meteorologists measure air pressure in units called atmospheres (atm). One atmosphere is equal to 1,013 millibars (MB) at sea level, which translates into 760 millimeters of quicksilver when measured on a mercury barometer. An aneroid barometer uses a coil of tubing with most of the air removed. The coil then bends inward when pressure rises and bows out when pressure drops. Aneroid barometers use the same units of measurement and produce the same readings as mercury barometers, but they dont contain any of the element. Air pressure is not uniform across the planet, however. The normal range of the Earths air pressure is from 980 MB  to 1,050 MB. These differences are the result of low and high air pressure systems, which are caused by unequal heating across the Earths surface and the  pressure gradient force.   The highest barometric pressure on record was 1,083.8  MB  (adjusted to sea level), measured in Agata, Siberia, on Dec. 31, 1968. The lowest pressure ever measured was 870  MB, recorded as Typhoon Tip struck the western Pacific Ocean on Oct 12, 1979. Low-Pressure Systems A low-pressure system, also called a depression, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of the area surrounding it. Lows are usually associated with high winds, warm air, and atmospheric lifting. Under these conditions, lows normally produce clouds, precipitation, and other turbulent weather, such as tropical storms and cyclones. Areas prone to low pressure do not have extreme diurnal (day vs. night) nor extreme seasonal temperatures because the clouds present over such areas reflect incoming solar radiation back into the atmosphere. As a result,  they cannot warm as much during the day (or in the summer) and at night they act as a blanket, trapping heat below. High-Pressure Systems A  high-pressure system, sometimes called an anticyclone, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area. These systems move clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis Effect. High-pressure areas are normally caused by a phenomenon called subsidence, meaning that as the air in the high cools it becomes denser and moves toward the ground. Pressure increases here because more air fills the space left from the low. Subsidence also evaporates most of the atmospheres water vapor, so high-pressure systems are usually associated with clear skies and calm weather. Unlike areas of low pressure, the absence of clouds means that areas prone to high-pressure experience extremes in diurnal and seasonal temperatures since there are no clouds to block incoming solar radiation or trap outgoing longwave radiation at night. Atmospheric Regions Across the globe, there are several regions  where the air pressure is remarkably consistent. This can result in extremely predictable weather patterns in regions like the tropics or the poles. Equatorial low-pressure trough: This area is in the Earths equatorial region (0 to 10 degrees north and south) and is composed of warm, light, ascending, and converging air. Because the converging air is wet and full of excess energy, it expands and cools as it rises, creating the clouds and heavy rainfall that are prominent throughout the area. This low-pressure zone trough also forms the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone  (ITCZ) and trade winds.Subtropical high-pressure cells: Located between 20 degrees and 35 degrees north/south, this is a zone of hot, dry air that forms as the warm air descending from the tropics becomes hotter. Because hot air can hold more water vapor, it is relatively dry. The heavy rain along the equator also removes most of the excess moisture. The dominant winds in the subtropical high are called westerlies.Subpolar low-pressure cells: This area is at 60 degrees north/south latitude and features cool, wet weather. The Subpolar low is caused by the meeting o f cold air masses from higher latitudes and warmer air masses from lower latitudes. In the northern hemisphere, their meeting forms the polar front, which produces the low-pressure cyclonic storms responsible for precipitation in the Pacific Northwest and much of Europe. In the southern hemisphere, severe storms develop along these fronts and cause high winds and snowfall in Antarctica. Polar high-pressure cells: These are located at 90 degrees north/south and are extremely cold and dry. With these systems, winds move away from the poles in an anticyclone, which descends and diverges to form the polar easterlies. They are weak, however, because little energy is available in the poles to make the systems strong. The Antarctic high is stronger, though, because it is able to form over the cold landmass instead of the warmer sea. By studying these highs and lows, scientists are better able to understand the Earths circulation patterns and predict the weather for use in daily life, navigation, shipping, and other important activities, making air pressure an important component to meteorology and other atmospheric science. Sources: Encyclopaedia Brittanica editors. Barometer. Brittanica.com, 3 Feb. 2017.National Geographic staff. Atmospheric Pressure. NationalGeographic.com.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration staff. Weather Systems and Patterns. NOAA.gov, 14 Feb. 2011.

The Analytic Paper-Analyzing between a film and Freudian theory Essay

The Analytic Paper-Analyzing between a film and Freudian theory - Essay Example The book has been widely used in reference to most of the psychoanalysis on human behavior. Scientists and psychoanalysts regard Freud as an important person shedding lots of information regarding human behavior. According to Freud, human beings are under control of the id, the ego, and the super ego that controls the desires and satisfaction of humans. Civilization and its discontents largely dwell on the super ego, ego, and the id nature of human kind that mainly aims at benefiting ones desires but fails to protect the surrounding environment (Heffner). The super ego character makes humans lazy and selfish. For this reason, human crave for sexual desire and the best things in the society at all cost. This leads to theft, killing, rape, and drugs and substance abuse in the society. The desire to satisfy one’s own wishes makes life hard and disappointing. For this reason most people resort to ways which are harmful both individually and the whole society. According to Freud in his analysis of Civilization and its discontents, civilization is built upon human instincts. This is mainly aimed at getting pleasure. This is practically evident from James Whale’s film the Frankenstein of 1931. On the contrary, civilization is against all these odds in the society and therefore set rules in the society that protect one individual from one another and establishes the need to have common interests in the society. The rules set by the society have severe punishment if broken. For this reason, human beings become discontented by the simple act of civilization. According to Freud, love will sometimes lead to humility, self-injury, and limitation of narcissism. In the case of the film Frankenstein, this is true. James whale directed a horror film by the name Frankenstein in 1931 (Michael Brunas). The film is about Frankenstein, a scientist is wishing to fulfill his egocentric motives. The young man withdraws

Disclosure Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Disclosure Analysis Paper - Essay Example According to Hilton (1994), finished products with The Coca Cola trade mark are presently selling in over 200 countries worldwide. The success of The Coca-Cola is its ability to reach the customers and providing them with unrivalled variety of products that satisfies their needs, desires and lifestyle choices. The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly traded and listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Such company’s success is communicated to shareholders and other interested parties through the financial statements. Nevertheless, the financial statements provide summarized information and further detailed information in terms of notes. Notes to the financial statements are very essential for clear understanding of the financial reports. This paper seeks to analyze disclosures contained within the notes to the financial statements with respect to cash and cash equivalents, receivables and inventories. It goes further to provide a list identifying the components of cash and cas h equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents Cash Any information necessary for full understanding of the financial statements should be included as notes while at the same time avoiding information that is not needed to expound on financial statement. The Coca-Cola Company cash and cash equivalents comprise of both cash and short-term investments. ... credit risk by applying minimum credit standards and diversifies counterparties through application of procedures provided for monitoring credit risk concentrations. Cash equivalents The company considers short-term investments as cash equivalents due to their easy convertibility into cash. This category comprises other investments and time deposits with maturities of more than three months, but not more than one year. The investments grouped under this category comprises of securities that are easily convertible into cash. In this vein, the company can easily convert them into cash at any given time it is faced with cash flow challenges. Receivables Account receivables are referred to as dues from customers. According to Hopwood, (1974), these are amounts, which have not been received from customers by the close of an accounting period. There are different methods through which receivables are recorded in the books of accounts, and such information is provided as part of the notes t o the financial statements. In this regard, the notes provide that The Coca-Cola Company receivables are recorded at net realizable value. The notes further indicate that the value provided has an allowance for bad debts. Therefore, it records any foreseeable loss on trade account receivable by charging it to provision for doubtful debts. Moreover, the notes indicate that allowance for doubtful debts is computed based on historical values of the write-offs, an amount of unpaid accounts after considering the contractual terms and the ensuing relationship with the customers and bottling partners. However, the notes conclude by mentioning that the exposure posed by concentration of credit risk is adequately controlled due to diversity of geographical areas covered by the company’s

Bertrand Russell Essay Example for Free

Bertrand Russell Essay I should like to say two things, one intellectual and one moral. The intellectual thing I should want to say is this: When you are studying any matter, or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only what the facts are and what the truth that the facts bear out is. Never let yourself be diverted either by what you wish to believe, or by what you think would have beneficent social effects if it were believed. But look only, and solely, at what are the facts. That is the intellectual thing that I should wish to say. The moral thing I should wish to say†¦I should say love is wise, hatred is foolish. In this world which is getting more closely and closely interconnected we have to learn to tolerate each other, we have to learn to put up with the fact that some people say things that we dont like. We can only live together in that way and if we are to live together and not die together we must learn a kind of charity and a kind of tolerance which is absolutely vital to the continuation of human life on this planet.

Australian Immigration And Its Effects Essay -- Australia Environment

Australian Immigration and Its Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Australia is an island continent which is geographically isolated from the rest of the world. This has resulted in the evolution of many unique plants and animals and the development of a very fragile ecosystem. This ecosystem has been influenced by human immigration for many thousands of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original immigrants were the Aborigines who are thought to have migrated to Australia from Asia between 50 and 100 thousand years ago. These primitive people learned to live in the inhospitable environment of Australia with very little effect. Their major environmental impact was from the use of controlled burning of the land. Over the years they had learned the benefit of periodic fires to control pests and to clear debris before it accumulated and led to large uncontrolled disastrous fires. This also returned nutrients to the soil which helped to grow back new vegetation. Unlike those who followed, the Aborigines had very little impact on the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the Aborigines, Asian seafarers are believed to have traveled to Australia to trade on the north shores. Experts are not sure, but they believe that these seafarers are the ones who first introduced the dingo into Australia almost 3,500 years ago. The dingo rapidly became the top predator and is probably the cause of the disappearance of the Tasmanian wolf and the Tasmanian devil from Australia. They will hunt down almost anything but they are not known to attack humans. They will attack kangaroos, wombats, rabbits, and even lizards. After the settlers arrived and the sheep were brought in, the dingo started to hunt the sheep. The sheep were much easier for them to get. As a result of this the sheep grazers built a 3,307 mile long fence to separate the sheep from the dingo. A $20 US bounty is now placed on the pelt of each dingo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  European immigrants did not come to Australia until after April 29, 1770 when captain James Cook landed in Botany Bay and made the first claim for England on the eastern part of the island. He called it New South Wales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1787, England started their first colony in Australia which was a penal colony since England's prisons were very overcrowded. That year, on May 13, eleven ships carrying almost 1,500 people, 800 of them convicts, left England for the new colony. The ... ... to spawn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The European immigrants had specific ideas regarding the beauty of nature. The Australian landscape did not fit these standards of beauty. They therefore began to landscape by first clearing native plants and replacing them with imported ones. The list of these plants grew year after year. Some failed while others thrived and overcrowded the native plants. One of these plants is the Prickly pear. It was originally imported as a hedge plant but eventually took over 120,000 square miles of land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of immigration on the Australian environment over the last few centuries has been devastating. The original European immigrants could not foresee the major impact their transplants and traditions would have on the environment. Even if they had, conquering the land was necessary for their survival. In many areas the environmental degradation may have past the point where it can be restored and is now beyond repair. However, with greater understanding and knowledge of the Australian ecosystem it is hoped that further degradation can be stopped or even reversed. What is needed now is the commitment of people and resources to make it happen.

Occupy Wall Street

Occupy Wall Street Michelle W. November 4, 2012 Title of Paper Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. The Occupy Wall Street Movement began September 17, 2011, in the Liberty Square of Zuccotti Park located in New York City. The protest is against corporations that take advantage of the economic poor and social inequalities, corruption, greed, and the excessive power of corporations on government over the democratic process.The group Occupy Wall Street has spread globally to over 1500 cities, they are demonstrating against the destructive powers of major banks and multinational corporations. These powers have influenced the government to bail them out, then turn around and make multimillion dollar profits which has created an economic collapse. The protest is against the 1% group, which refers to banks, the mortgage industry, the insurance industry, which leaves the 99% that aren’t in the multimillion dollar profit groups we are the made of the e veryday people, the little guy.Occupy Wall Street protestors viewed the dominant rich as those who exploited their way to the top. OWS suggested that it was the taxpayers who had to bail the large companies out after they caused the collapse of the economy (Haidt, 2012). Analyze each of the implications identified above against the utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics to determine which theory best applies to the movement. Support your position with examples and evidence. Utilitarian is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions.The greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. Our belief that we are individuals and society is the net result of our choices. For example, the practice of blowing up rocks to release underground natural gas would not be permitted near residential areas if energy complaints did not make large campai gn contributions (Cohan, 2011). Determine who is responsible for income inequality and wealth distribution in the U. S. in your analysis, make sure to include if this is something that happened suddenly or if it built up over time.Explain you rationale. Suggest an equitable outcome from the movement that would be appropriate for our capitalistic society. It has been said that the OWS movement is a big hypocrisy. That it is a large number of Americans that are rich by the world’s standards that we are not satisfied being paid what we value our work is worth on the global market. That now we are complainers, unable to care for ourselves, since we no longer have our parent to cry to, so now we are groveling to government and the successful businesses (Erich, 2012).Predict whether the movement will continue, fade away, or turn into something else. Provide a rationale with your response. Within the months since the movement began, they have lost their momentum and are drifting far ther away. The movement has been driven off the streets by law enforcement; protestors are being arrested and evicted by the thousands, a very visible steep decline. This has left OWS without any operations in many cities and forced the thousands of protestors to defend themselves in courts, which in turn has kept many from returning to the streets.OWS does not have the leadership structure which makes it difficult to interact in conventional political organizing to support their legislators and Congress like the Tea Party. Most of the activists are upset with politicians; they do not see the electoral politics as the best direction for OWS, therefore complicating matters for the movement’s efforts even more (Haidt, 2012) . References Haidt, J. (2012, April 10). The moral foundations of occupy wall street. Retrieved from http://reason. com/archives/2011/10/20/the-moral-foundations-of-occup Stolarik, R. 2012, September 17). Occupy movement (occupy wall street). Retrieved Nov. 3, 2012 http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/o/occupy_wa ll_street/index. html Erich, R. (2012, May 09). The occupy wall street movement: How they could do it the right way. Retrieved November 3, 2012 http://roberterich. hubpages. com/hub/The-Occupy-Wall-Street-Movement-How-They-Could-Do-It-the-Right-Way Cohan, P. (2011, October 10). What is occupy wall street?. Retrieved from www. forbes. com/sites/petecohan/2011/10/10/what-is-occupy-wall-street-print/

Imclone Business Ethics - 1042 Words

Running head: Case Study Report 3 Case Study Report 3 Deb Gephart Western International University LDR 620 Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Ray November January 28, 2008 Case Study Report 3 I chose to report upon the case study involving ImClone and Samuel Waksal’s deceitful practices involving selling personal shares of ImClone stock. Samuel Waksal knowingly participated in insider trading which involved selling his ImClone stock and then notifying his family of the impending refusal by the FDA for the approval of their first drug Erbitux. Waksal was privy to non-public information which he knew would negatively impact the value of ImClone stock. Rather than perform his corporate duty and abide by the†¦show more content†¦Nothing is guaranteed in the world of investing except unpredictable financial loss, gain, and anxiety. Samuel Waksal’s reaction was motivated by the desire to prevent financial losses to himself and his family regardless of the price paid by his stockholders, employees, and other investors of the company, including those employees who held no ImClone shares but dedicated their expertise to ImClone and developing its anti-cancer drug. Why were Samuel Waksal’s actions unethical? Samuel Waksal’s actions were unethical because he was acting with information his staff, board of directors, and stock holders were unaware of. Samuel took advantage of confidential information provided to him and used it for personal financial gain and for the financial gain of his family. His actions were deliberate and taken with the clear knowledge that what he was doing was ethically and morally wrong. 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